Julian calendar months

Julian calendar months. September, April, June and November have 30 days. The leap year averages 365. This leap year cycle was based on the approximate length of the solar year, which is about 365. Downloadable 2024 Julian calendars with Gregorian date and week numbers are offered in horizontal format. In some years, Orthodox Easter falls on the same day as western Easter. Bust of Julius Caesar . Like in the Islamic calendar, months in the Jewish calendar are based on the phases of the Moon. Like in the Julian calendar, a leap year in the Ethiopian calendar happens every 4 years without exception. This calendar employed a cycle of three years of 365 days, followed by a year of 366 days (leap year). The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. A sixth epagomenal day is added every four years, without exception, on 29 August of the Julian calendar Feb 28, 2024 · Caesar's answer gave us the longest year in history, added months to the calendar, took them away, anchored the calendar to the seasons, and brought us the leap year. Any five consecutive months, that do not include February, contain 153 days. Jun 1, 2023 · The concept of a 13-month calendar can be traced back to various historical civilizations. The Gregorian calendar was developed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 as a way to correct the errors in the Julian calendar. This resulted in an observation The MJD or the modified Julian date gives the number of days since midnight on November 17, 1858, corresponding to 2,400,000. 30 Days. 25 days in length. Be sure to use the correct column. April-May. So every three years had 365 days and the fourth year had 366 years, making that year the leap year. For some early years, holidays are not shown. It was made simpler in Julian calendar - each 4th year was made a "leap year" and had 366 days. The Julian Calendar determines the date based on the movement of the earth around the sun (which means it is a solar calendar). 2 2 33 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337. 2425 days and The Canopic reform of 238 BC introduced the leap year every fourth year later adopted in the Julian calendar. 25 days. 25 days, the calendar did not compensate for this difference. In short, the Roman system was restored with the Julian calendar. In Britain, under the Julian calendar, the year had first begun on December 25 and then, from the 14th century onward, on March 25. The Julian calendar followed a regular pattern, with alternating months of 31 and 30 days, except for February, which had 28 days in a common year and 29 days in a leap year. The Julian calendar is a reform of the Roman calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC (708 AUC). -- 29 days (30 days in leap year) Martius -- 31 days. Moon phases in your city Using it, the year was fixed at 365. However, there are calendar systems that are more accurate than the Gregorian calendar we use today. 25 days long, which is close to the (current) tropical year of 365. The Roman ruler Numa Pompilius is credited with adding January at the beginning and February at the end of the calendar to create the 12-month year. There is only a slight difference between the two calendars in the average length of the year. Jan 14, 2024 · Every fourth year was designated as a leap year, adding an extra day to the calendar (making it 366 days instead of 365). The Romans linked each year to the date In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or a j) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365. 5 days after day 0 of the Julian calendar You can also use the Gregorian Calendar to Julian Calendar converter to determine the Julian year, month, day, and weekday. This monthly calendar includes US Holidays. Our month of July is named after Julius whose birthdate was July 12 or 13, 100 BC. It is based on exact astronomical observations of the Sun's longitude and the Moon's phases. Mar 9, 2024 · The year was divided into 12 months, all of which had either 30 or 31 days except February, which contained 28 days in common (365 day) years and 29 in every fourth year (a leap year, of 366 days). Quintilis, however, the birth month of Julius Caesar, became Iulius (“July” in English), and Sextilis became Augustus or August. Dec 28, 2014 · Julian Calendar. 2425 days long. , Pope Gregory XIII introduced a slight revision of the Julian calendar, whereby the leap years every four years were retained but with the This is a version of the Julian calendar, as used in England, covering the 11th to 16th centuries. This design is available for free download in docs file. 25 days long. For unlisted dates, find the date in the table closest to, but earlier than, the date to be converted. Customize Download. It's a whole day in 128 years. The Julian months were formed by adding ten days to a regular pre-Julian Roman year of 355 days, creating a regular Julian year of 365 days: Two extra days were added to Ianuarius,[1] Sextilis (Augustus) and December, and one extra day was added to Aprilis, Iunius, September and Printable Julian Calendar - 2024. The Julian Calendar was the system of dating followed from 46BC onwards. The months today are calculated from the Julian calendar, a spin off from the Biblical Hebrew calendar (Found in scriptures). , only to find that the mighty empire's calendar was hopelessly broken The Revised Julian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e. Some Julian calendar templates also add previous and next month for references and a full twelve-month calendar along with the Roman calendar. ) and New Style ( N. Some months have 30 days one has 28 days and the rest are 31 days long. C. In the Gregorian calendar, this corresponds to April 3 to May 10. In England, Wales, Ireland and Britain's American colonies, there were two calendar Jul 21, 2010 · In 45 B. A customizable year-at-a-glance Julian calendar in a portrait format for the year 2024. The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). [5] and the calendar adopted by the ancient Assyrians had the month The Haab is a 365-day solar calendar which is divided into 18 months of 20 days each and one month which is only 5 days long (Uayeb). So, in a country using a year starting on 1 March, 1439 would have been a leap year, because their February 1439 would correspond to February 1440 in the January-based reckoning. It was a grand project Jan 7, 2022 · By the 40s BCE, the Roman civic calendar was three months ahead of the solar calendar and Caesar introduced the Egyptian solar calendar, with the length of the solar year being 365. The Julian calendar kept all the external features of the previous Roman lunisolar calendar, especially the insertion of an extra day in a leap year between February 24 and 25, and the division of the month into moon phases (which in the purely solar Julian calendar Oct 16, 2023 · The Julian year is, therefore, on average 365. , the new Julian calendar was created, and the civil year in Rome now officially began on January 1. Months in the pre-Julian Roman calendar included: Intercalaris an intercalary month occasionally embedded into February, to realign the calendar. 3rd Quarter. Calendar type: Julian calendar. The Julian calendar has the following benefits: The new Julian Calendar would follow the solar year, rather than lunar, with a total of 365 days versus 355. The Roman month Quintilis, the birth month of Julius Caesar, was renamed July following his assassination in 44 BCE. ) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. During certain times in history, the Julian Calendar was called the "Old Style" calendar. Therefore, the calendar is inaccurate by one day every 128 years. For more than 1,600 years, the Julian Calendar remained in use, and many of today’s calendars are based on it. Thus, by the 16th century a discrepancy of ten full days had accumulated. [2] The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. There is a simple cycle of three "normal" years followed by a leap year and this pattern repeats forever without exception. As a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries. Sivan. Calends, nones, and ides. Each month begins with the appearance of a Crescent Moon after the New Moon phase and lasts for a full lunation, a Moon cycle encompassing all phases of the Moon. May 14, 2018 · The Gregorian calendar year is based on the Earth’s rotation around the sun and lands our New Year’s Day on January 1st. Months in the Gregorian calendar. The winter season was not assigned to any month, so the calendar year only lasted 304 days The Ethiopian calendar has twelve months, all thirty days long, and five or six epagomenal days, which form a thirteenth month. However, the rule was not followed in the first years after the reform in 45 BCE. Immediate Impact and Lasting Legacy of the Julian Calendar The Calendar class is an abstract class that provides methods for converting between a specific instant in time and a set of calendar fields such as YEAR, MONTH , DAY_OF_MONTH, HOUR, and so on, and for manipulating the calendar fields, such as getting the date of the next week. The Julian calendar also introduced an extra day every four years—what we now call In the Jewish calendar, the day starts at sundown the evening before. The Julian Calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita ). As a result of this error, no more leap years were added until 8 AD. Week numbers: ISO 8601 (week starts Monday) - week 1 is the first week with Thursday. 25 days which is much closer to a real tropical year. The intercalary month was eliminated, and the leap year - adding a day to February every fourth year - was adopted as well. In other words, February 29, 2800, in the Gregorian calendar will be March 1, 2800 in the Revised Julian calendar. The months and length of months in the Gregorian calendar are the same as for the Julian calendar. Leap years repeated February 23; there was no February 29 in the Julian calendar. This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation. Old Style ( O. 25 days, while a solar year features 365. Similarly, the Mayans developed a sophisticated calendar system that included 13 months of 28 days each, known as the “Tzolkin calendar. The Julian calendar had a year of 365 days, divided into twelve months. The extra day was added to February, the last month of the year, as per the Julian calendar. The solar year consists of approximately 365. This was called the last year of confusion. Julian. In 46 BC, the calendar had to be set right before the new one could begin. Year length; leap years. In modern Romania and Moldova, the Gregorian calendar is exclusively used for business and government transactions and predominates in popular use as well. For the Gregorian calendar, the average Aug 16, 2023 · The new year started on January 1. It wasn’t until the late 1800s and early 1900s that the last countries adopted the new Gregorian calendar we use today. It continued until December, which was harvest time in temperate Rome. However, because the dates at the ends of the month all counted forward to the next kalends, they were all shifted by one or two days by the change. Julian calendar: solar: Roman: 45 BC Mar 11, 2024 · The Julian Calendar In 45 B. Finally, in 46 B. It took effect the following year, 45 BC (709 AUC), and continued to be used as the civil calendar in some countries into the 20th century. compared to the actual solar tropical year of 365. February is the only month that is 28 days long in common years and 29 days long in leap years. The year 2024 is a leap year, with 366 days in total. It includes 365 days in most years, but every 4 years, it also includes a leap year that has 366 days. The Julian calendar was 0. And he did a one-time insertion of three months in 46 BCE to give the seasons a chance to catch up. By the 1st century bc, the Roman calendar had become hopelessly confused. The calendar has an outer ring of Mayan glyphs (pictures) which represent each of the 19 months. Almost 2. The calendar started the year in March (Martius) and consisted of 10 months, with 6 months of 30 days and 4 months of 31 days. In contrast, the first Roman calendar, introduced about 700 years earlier, had ten months and 304 days in a year. , 365th and leap) and weeks out of the month cycle. Leap Year Rules. February has 28 days. The gap between the two calendar systems will increase to 14 days in the year 2100. However, the traditional Romanian calendar has its own names for the months. The year, based on cycles and phases of the moon, totaled 355 days Printer-friendly calendar. Consequently, the Julian year drifts over time with respect to The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one at the end of the year of five days (six days in leap years). Disable moonphases. If converting from Julian to Gregorian, add the number from the "Difference" column. The table shows how accurately the different systems reflect the length of a tropical year, sorted from most Julian Date Calendar for Year 2023 Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 132 60 91 12 152 182 213 244 274 305 335 2 2 33 61 92 The first year of operation of the new calendar was 45 BC. Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur Sukkoth Shemini 'Asereth The main difference between the Gregorian and the Julian calendars is the year length. In the year 46 BCE, Julius Caesar introduced a new calendar system—the Julian calendar. This pattern is similar to the one used in the Gregorian calendar, which is the calendar system most widely used today. These monthly and annual printable calendar templates are available in portrait and landscape calendar templates. (Negative years are leap years if the absolute value divided by 4 yields a remainder of 1. Julius's calendar is as follows: -- 31 days. It was the year that Diocletian became Roman Emperor. In a standard year, there are 365 days, but every four years there is a leap year of 366 days. The year 33 is a common year, with 365 days in total. ”. 24219878 days. Our current Gregorian calendar and its predecessor, the Julian calendar, both have 12 months. The Julian calendar has two types of year: common years of 365 days and leap years of 366 days. Each day is represented by a number in the month followed by the name of the month. With this reform, September officially became the ninth month in the year 153 BCE. The old Julian Calendar assumed the earth went around the sun in exactly 365. So the length of a year in Julian calendar is 365. That calendar system was referred to as the “old style” or “Julian Calendar” which began the new year on the 25th of March. Printing Help page for better print results. In both these calendars, a common year has 12 months and a leap year has 13 months; and an ordinary Dec 24, 2016 · Apart from the way of identifying years, the Gregorian calendar is barely different from the Julian calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE. -- 31 days. In the Julian calendar, any positive year is a leap year if divisible by 4. When first implemented, the "Julian Calendar" also moved the beginning of the year from March 1 to January 1. g. Gregorian calendar year 2800 The anomalous status of the new 31-day months under the Julian calendar was an effect of Caesar's desire to avoid affecting the festivals tied to the nones and ides of various months. None of the calendar systems currently in use around the world perfectly reflect the length of a tropical year. Oct 8, 2023 · The Romans added two months, January and February, to address the discrepancy between their lunar calendar and the solar year. Leap years in the Gregorian calendar. The Egyptians, for example, used a 13-month calendar known as the “lunar calendar of Thebes. First used in the Roman Empire under Julius Caeser in 46 BC, the When the Gregorian calendar firmly established January 1 as the beginning of its year, it was widely referred to as the New Style calendar, with the Julian the Old Style calendar. Julian Date Calendar for Year 2024. He also had a regular pattern of alternating between 31 and 30 day months. When it comes to determining if a year is a leap year, since AD 8 the Julian calendar has always had 48 months between two leap days. Holidays are not yet supported for this country. To account for the fractional day, a leap year with an extra day was added every four years. There is a simple cycle of three common years followed by a leap year and this pattern repeats forever. It attempts to have its years coincide with the tropical year and shares some similarities with the Jewish calendar. 436875 days. The earlier 50 years (45 BCE to CE 5) are called “Julian years of error”. Calendar proposals that introduce a thirteenth month or change the Julian-Gregorian system of months often also propose new names for these months. An instant in time can be represented by a millisecond value that Hebrew Months With Their Gregorian Equivalents ; Month Length Gregorian Equivalents; Nissan. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923. The Julian Calendar The Julian calendar, introduced by Juliius Caesar in -45, was a solar calendar with months of fixed lengths. 24219 days, which means that the Julian date calendar gains a day after every 128 years. The Gregorian calendar, introduced in 1582, corrected most of the remaining difference between the Julian calendar and the solar year. In 154 BCE, a rebellion forced the Roman senate to change the beginning of the civil year from March to January 1st. The Chinese calendar is lunisolar. Even so there are still some areas of the world that to this day use what is commonly known as the Old Style Calendar. The length of the Julian year is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar that was used in Western societies until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, and from which the unit is named 2024 Julian Calendar - CalendarLabs. 3 3 34 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added to The Julian calendar has two types of year: "normal" years of 365 days and "leap" years of 366 days. Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar in 45 BC, a reform of the Roman Calendar, with a year length of 365. An average year consists of 365 days, split into 12 months. -- 30 days. Printable Calendar (PDF) for easy printing. Jan 11, 2024 · The previous calendar in Europe was the Julian Calendar, instituted in 46 BC and named after Julius Caesar. Soon after becoming Roman dictator, Julius Caesar decided that the Feb 25, 2024 · The drift problem led to “intercalating” an extra month periodically to realign with lunar and solar cycles, Palaima said. Jan 14, 2020 · Every fourth year was designated as a leap year, adding an extra day to the calendar (making it 366 days instead of 365). March-April. The average year is then 365. In 452 bc, February was moved between January and March. However, prior to 1752, England and her colonies used a different calendar. This caused important holidays and Feb 29, 2024 · Initially, to make a proper transition from the Roman calendar (which had 355 days and which was basically a lunar calendar) to the Julian calendar, and to get the months and various feast days The Julian calendar was introduced to solve the problem of calendar drift. Over time, the calendar gained a few days due to small inaccuracies in the calculation of the solar year. 0078 days (11 minutes and 14 seconds) longer than the tropical year, so errors in timekeeping still gradually accumulated, according to NASA. It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. When Was Year 1? Year 1 in the Coptic calendar started on August 29, 284 in the Julian calendar. The first Julian year commenced with the 1st of January of the 46th before the birth of Christ, and the 708th from the foundation of the city. The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. Feb 28, 2023 · The 304-day calendar year began in March (Martius), named after the Roman god Mars. The Gregorian calendar, like the Julian calendar, is a solar calendar with 12 months of 28–31 days each. For each month, the calendar gives the days of the week and also the Roman-style dates in terms of Kalends, Nones and Ides. 25 days of 86 400 SI seconds each. Although Greek astronomers had known, at least since Hipparchus a century before the Julian reform, that the tropical year was slightly shorter than 365. , Julius Caesar initiated a thorough reform that resulted in the establishment of a new dating system, the Julian calendar. The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). Although far more accurate than the calendars that came before it, the Julian calendar The Julian calendar year was actually a little more than 11 minutes and 14 seconds longer than the true solar year. A common year has 365 days and a leap year has 366 days. From 10 to 12 Months. The calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, as listed in Table of months. Nevertheless, the traditional names of the months do Jan 1, 2022 · The bulk of the credit for standardizing New Year's Day goes to Julius Caesar, who seized absolute power over Rome in 46 B. In 1582 C. Here’s a look at how many days each month has. No holidays are currently shown or available. Mar 7, 2018 · The common year of the Julian calendar is 365 days divided into 12 months. For this calendar to follow the earth’s movement, this rule was used - every year that was divisible by 4 was made a leap year of 366 days, otherwise The Roman ruler Numa Pompilius is said to add January and February to the calendar to make the year 12 months long. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Julian calendar defines a leap year as a year that is evenly divisible by four with no exceptions. Months: The Julian calendar retained the 12-month structure of the Roman calendar. He added ten days to the year and introduced the leap day. The last month has 5 days in a common year and 6 days during leap year. So, to convert from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, add 13 days; to convert in the opposite direction, subtract 13 days. The reform eventually went into effect with the introduction of the "Alexandrian calendar" (or Julian calendar) by Augustus in 26/25 BC, which included a 6th epagomenal day for the first time in 22 BC. Thus, a holiday whose first day is shown to be Wednesday will actually start on Tuesday evening. The Julian Calendar was established in the year 45 BC and was used for thousands of years. The simple answer is no. ) Days are considered to begin at midnight. 5 million days have Currently, the Julian calendar is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. While in Egypt with Cleopatra (48-46 BC), Caesar recognized the superiority of the Egyptian way of calculating time based on the movements of the sun rather than the Roman AUC (Ab Urba Condito–From The Founding Of The City of Rome) calendar based on lunar KING ROMULUS -. For nearly 1600 years the Julian calendar was the most widely used calendar in the world. Every fourth year is a leap year, with a leap day added to the last month of the year, Februarius. But stability increased, Palaima said. 8. Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 1 32 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336. [4] It calculated the year to be 365. This reform was attributed to Julius Caesar in 45 BC when he introduced the Julian calendar. 239). Full Moon. Like the Easter date based on the Gregorian calendar, Orthodox Easter falls on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 in the Julian calendar (years 1753-2400). It has the same months and the same month lengths as the Julian calendar. led to this particular Dec 8, 2022 · The Julian calendar was in use for centuries, but it wasn’t perfect. S. A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. He wanted the year to begin in January since it contained the festival of the god of gates (later the god of all beginnings), but expulsion of the Etruscan dynasty in 510 B. The last month, called Pi Kogi Enavot or Nasie and referred to as an epagomenal month, has 5 days in a common year and 6 days in a leap year. It served as a standard for European civilization until the Gregorian Reform of +1582. 24219 days. The calendars were synchronized with solar years, so seasons didn’t drift. The Julian year is, therefore, on average 365. The two systems will be in sync until the year 2800, which is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. The Julian reform pushed the months down the calendar so that December became the twelfth month without changing its name. Calendar year. The Julian calendar consisted of cycles of three 365-day years followed by a 366-day leap year. Dec 29, 2023 · By 45 B. The Gregorian calendar has 4 months that are 30 days long and 7 months that are 31 days long. The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation by Muhammad, in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon given on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date: 6 March 632). You can enter these dates into the converter above to find the dates of any holiday in any year. However, the treatment of leap years caused the calendar to shift forward about three days every four centuries, resulting in its replacement by the Georgian calendar in 1582. A year in the Ethiopian calendar is 13 months long, with 12 months of 30 days each. However, this is too often for leap years to occur, and even this more accurate calendar fell out of sync with the Earth’s solar orbit. We also include Gregorian holidays and dates in large boxes on the Julian calendar template. The original Roman calendar was said to have been invented by Romulus, the first king of Rome, around 753 BCE. May-June . Around 9 BC, it was found that the priests in charge of computing the calendar had been adding leap years every three years instead of the four decreed by Caesar (Vardi 1991, p. , New Year’s Day is celebrated on January 1 for the first time in history as the Julian calendar takes effect. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added to February every four years No guidance is provided about conversion of dates before March 5, -500, or after February 29, 2100 (both being Julian dates). The mean month-length in the Gregorian calendar is 30. 25 days, while the original Roman lunar calendar was shorter. 29 Days. The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). Every fourth year an intercalary day was added to maintain synchrony between the calendar year and the tropical year. Julian dates (abbreviated JD) are simply a continuous count of days and fractions since noon Universal Time on January 1, 4713 BC (on the Julian calendar). Julian/Gregorian Calendars. The Gregorian calendar reform restored the vernal equinox to its original date, but since the festival was by now tied to the date, not the astronomical event, Kha b-Nisan remains fixed at 21 March in the Julian reckoning, corresponding to 1 April in the Gregorian calendar. See appendix 1. It is based on a solar year of 365. Sub-Saharan African calendars can vary in days and weeks depending on the kingdom or tribe that created it. In the Julian calendar the average year has a length of 365. The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars. The year in both calendars consists of 365 days, with a leap day being added to February in the leap years. But not that close - now the calendar lags for 11 minutes 14 seconds each year. It was this calendar which added one extra day in every four years (giving us our 'leap year') because it had been calculated that the earth takes 365¼ days to complete its circuit around the sun, not a straight 365 days. Add own events to PDF Calendar. New names have also been proposed for days out of the week cycle (e. 25 days, divided into twelve months. , Julius Caesar ordered a calendar consisting of twelve months based on a solar year. It was developed in consultation with the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year. E. Like the Gregorian calendar, the Julian calendar has 12 months with 28 to 31 days each The Romanian calendar is the Gregorian, adopted in 1919. In the distribution of the days through the several months, Caesar adopted a simpler and more commodious arrangement than that which has since prevailed. The creators of the Gregorian Calendar also came up with a more precise way of calculating Leap Years. Iyar. In the Gregorian Calendar, one year is more accurately calculated as being 365. Sep 12, 2022 · The Julian Calendar served the world fairly well for some time but it did have the slight problem of not taking into account the few minute difference between a real year and the 365 1/4 accounted Gregorian. ms qk sk jt nd ey oj rk tq tq