Most prestigious medical specialties. Established in 1883, the JAMA is the major journal in the American Medical Association’s “family” of 10 medical journals. General Surgery. 4% by US and non-US IMGs. US News published a list of the top 30 psychiatry programs in total. For prestige, we asked the following question: “We are interested in the level of prestige that YOU associate with different medical specialties. Stanford University. May 2, 2023 · Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the examples of how someone from a disadvantaged background might have difficulty competing with their better-off peers for medical school admission. citizens graduating from international medical schools (foreign medical graduates) decreased for the first time from 2,332 in 2021 to 2,280 in 2022. Ann Arbor, MI. Moreover, the implications of prestige for Jan 6, 2021 · Sports medicine. South Africa has a high burden of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Certification as a Diplomate of the NBPNS signifies a physician as having achieved a high level of competency and understanding in scientifically sound, evidenced-based medical nutrition. Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery: 89. 10 (tie) Washington University in St. 5. The paper discusses the importance of medical oncology as a specialty in Africa and the need for qualified doctors in this field to improve cancer patient management. With so many children in the country, pediatricians are likely to remain a top medical specialty for years to come. I have met a ton of PP IR guys, they definitely don't make anywhere near that. And self-employed physicians out-earn physicians employed by health systems or other entities. Mar 11, 2024 · FREIDA™, the AMA Residency & Fellowship Database ®, allows medical students to search for a residency or fellowship from more than 13,000 programs—all accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. $399 with one free retake. Plastic surgery, a field that uniquely blends artistic flair with surgical expertise, requires a rare combination of surgical Mar 11, 2024 · Here’s our list of the least competitive medical residency programs by specialty. 10. Although patient-centered care is the norm in most healthcare systems in the Global North, there are still variations in degree of patient interaction among medical specialties. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. Applicant profiles. Orthopedic Surgeons. The names are in French, but most should easily understandable (6 is immunology, 14 ENT, 37 is EM, 40 FM. Data from the National Library of Medicine also reviews available ophthalmologists in conjunction with Canada’s population. A specialty's relative standing in perceived income and assigned social value are the best Jun 5, 2020 · In contrast, average annual compensation for the highest-paying medical specialties — orthopedics and plastic surgery — is $511,000 and $479,000, respectively, according to Medscape's Jun 7, 2023 · 50 Leading Journals Across Medical Specialties 5 Top Medical Journals - General/Multiple Specialties. Academic: Neurosurgery. You can choose your residency based on your rankings at the national exam at the end of Y6, the graph shows the ranking of the students who picked each specialty. Oncology. Recently, an army of digital health technologies joined the forces of traditional preventive tools in cardiology to counter stroke, heart attack, heart failure or any other cardiovascular risks. Emergency Medicine. Jan 1, 2024 · Tip #6: Determine how involved you want to be with your patients. 9 percent U. 1% of the 373 positions offered in Otolaryngologywere filled by graduating United States MD students and 6. Of the five least competitive medical specialties, anesthesiology offers the highest compensation ($398,000 annually) and the prospect of a great lifestyle. Catalog of Topics. g. S. Regardless of specialties, most physicians will make enough money to live quite well and buy their own tickets to sporting events. Internship (2 years). Howard University College of Medicine: 70%. Oct 19, 2023 · In this article, we'll delve into the top 10 medical specialties, ranked by salary, to help you make an informed decision about your future in medicine. 1. Plastic Surgeon. In 2023, FREIDA users tallied nearly 2 million views of residency programs. How to find the best medical care in 2024. We have guides that cover the top medical specialties for introverts and the top medical specialties for extroverts on the Med School Insiders blog, as well as YouTube videos on the May 15, 2023 · Durham, NC. In the future, minuscule sensors, digital twins, and artificial intelligence could strengthen their ranks. A four-year residency is required, and you can choose from a Dec 13, 2021 · While medicine as a whole, and even other elite specialties like dermatology, thoracic surgery, and otolaryngology, has begun to increase the number of people of color in its ranks, orthopedics May 4, 2023 · On the other hand, certain specialties might be perceived as less respected due to misconceptions or stereotypes. Radin's "practical biomechanics for the orthopaedic surgeon" should be required reading. But another general rule, more spots = less competitive. Table 1. 9% for internal medicine; and 29. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) University of California – San Francisco. The issue is that the more competitive the school, the more competitive the classmates, so you have a better name but a lower class rank. 1%, DO: 6. Undersea and hyperbaric medicine. 53. At number 9 on our list of most respected medical specialties among doctors we have dermatologists that are trained to diagnose and treat various skin-related problems. Jan 9, 2018 · There is also a belief that the most prestigious surgical specialty is more related to clinical specialties, which are seen as more respected than sub-clinical and non-clinical specialties in the Jun 26, 2019 · Johns Hopkins Medicine. Radiologists can expect to earn an annual average salary of $ 503,564. At the same time, Medscape claims that they earn about $339,000. Making a long-term impact on a patient’s life is exactly why many doctors choose this specialty. Reaction score. Median undergrad GPA: 3. Clinic: Plastic Surgery. Top hospitals Jan 16, 2024 · According to the BLS, the highest-paying medical jobs include roles as physicians and surgeons. Orthopedic Surgery. 4 University of Pennsylvania. The highest-paying medical jobs and respective salaries are: Cardiologist: $421,330. May 29, 2019 · A speciality is a field of medical practice focused on a particular group of patients, diseases, skills, or philosophy. Emory University School of Medicine: 22. 6 million, which comprises 22% of the total population in the U. 2001 Impact Factor. You’ve likely considered if you’re an introvert or extrovert before. It is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. May 22, 2023 · Bear in mind, however, that when it comes to the most competitive medical specialties, DO graduates have a harder time matching into residencies than their MD counterparts. Interventional Radiology. 8 (tie) University of Michigan - Ann Arbor. As medicine evolves, so do the types of doctors most needed. Average MCAT score: 505. Aug 24, 2023 · The Most Competitive Medical School Residencies: The Ultimate Guide for 2023. In the field of power, surgery is seen as the most prestigious of all specialties. So the most highly respected specialties tend to be the most competitive to get into (plastics, rad/onc, derm, ortho, etc) and the least respected ones tend to be the ones that make you wonder if your classmate failed the boards or something (family medicine etc). Jul 6, 2015 · The best orthopaedic surgeons are also extremely well versed in biomechanics. 5%. Oct 12, 2020 · 2) New England Journal of Medicine. The salary is around $418K annually. The U. Total Thanks. Radiology hasn’t been particularly competitive for years in Canada. Jun 15, 2023 · As a comparison, across PGY-1 positions in all specialties, just 49. Specialists earned $382,000, representing a $14,000 annual increase. 9%, from $509,335 in 2019 to $534,508 in 2020. Dec 5, 2019 · On average, medical students will have to pay back $2,212 a month on the standard, 10-year federal repayment plan. Yeah, I rotated with a trauma/crit care group that took all the gen surg call and admitted/managed their own patients in the ICU and they were all amazing docs. A Physician Nutrition Specialist is a physician board certified in a specialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) with additional Sep 1, 2016 · PLoS Medicine, which completes this group of renowned journals with high influence in current medicine, was launched in 2004. While racial and gender diversity among medical school graduates has increased since 1975, this trend has plateaued from 2012 onwards with underrepresented racial minorities (URMs) representing less than one-quarter of the annual pool of graduates. May 22, 2023 · Explore the med schools with the highest representation of Black students. makes about $385,628. Related reading: Top 16 most in-demand specialties and their salaries in 2021 Oct 3, 2023 · A multitude of medical school graduates compete for a limited number of coveted spots each year, within the prestigious residency [] In this article, we will discuss the 15 most competitive May 23, 2011 · The provided paper does not mention which medical specialty is the most prestigious in Africa. In terms of admissions, Harvard Medical School maintains exceptionally high admission standards, and its acceptance rate is remarkably Specialty preferences already differ by gender at entry into medical school and persist throughout training. US News compiles a list of the top 20 hospitals in the country. May 31, 2022 · Less competitive specialties include: Family Medicine. 8%. 6% were taken by MD Grads, 0. The JAMA is the world’s most widely circulated journal and has an impact factor of 30. The best medical schools for research are one step ahead of the pack, propelled by funding, cutting-edge technology and the research done by students and faculty. General practice. 3 Stanford University. Although orthopedics residency programs continue to be highly selective, internal medicine now ranks near the bottom in North America. Reproductive Health. Some of the most lucrative medical specialties are also the most difficult to match into residency programs. Mar 30, 2022 · For the 2022 year, the number of non-U. Oct 17, 2006 · OP- A few thoughts: 1. The highest pay grades are reserved for surgical specialties, particularly neurological and thoracic surgery. Sep 15, 2023 · Pediatricians and surgeons both tie for the top 2 top medical specialties at 13. View the full list of obstetrics and gynecology program rankings at the US News website. Aug 5, 2021 · The exam features: 150 multiple-choice questions (proctored) 5 hours and 40 minutes to finish the exam. We conducted 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Orthopedic surgery, radiation oncology and vascular surgery rounded out the top five. Pittsburgh, PA. Plastic Surgery. Dec 24, 2020 · Here are five medical specialties that saw the greatest wage increases, according to Doximity: Vascular Surgery: Average compensation increased 4. May 7, 2011 · Future MD wrote: In discussing this issue with my friends, it seemed everyone has a fairly different idea of what constitutes the most "prestigious" medical specialties. Community Service (1 year). Primary care physicians earned an average $265,000, up $5,000 from the previous report. There are dozens of specialties, with some offering the chance for further training in a sub-specialty. In the face of an increasingly diverse population in the USA, the physician workforce has failed to adapt. ENT. Getting into a medical school residency program has become more competitive in 2023. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Jul 14, 2020 · BACKGROUND. In addition, MACRA cut IR by 7%. US News published a list of the top 38 surgery programs in total. 4. Apr 17, 2023 · Both primary care physicians and specialists saw increases from the past year. Columbia University. St. With this collection, we draw from more May 2, 2022 · It’s part of the overall treatment for cancer patients, both for curative and palliative treatments. Dec 4, 2023 · The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Source: JAMA. 93. Neurosurgery is the highest-paid specialty in the medical profession. Take, for instance, a radiologist. 8 (tie) University of California - Los Angeles. Mar 15, 2024 · Specialties: The clinic offers medical, surgical, and other healthcare services across various specialties including cardiology, neurology, oncology, orthopedics, digestive diseases, and more. #2. Los Angeles, CA. 7. Application fee: $50. MD seniors in 2023. Acceptance Rate: 4. This specialty exists within the domain of primary care and provides continuing health Dec 29, 2023 · Here are 12 of the highest-paying jobs in the medical field for you to consider: 1. And, as we noted earlier, fill rates among primary care specialties were similar or lower: 54. These schools are prime for those Mar 23, 2016 · Salary: A cardiologist in the U. 18. 8. Here ya go. 9. What your peers are researching about medical specialty choice. Neuro, CV and transplant are all definitely up there. National average salary: $89,460 per year Primary duties: A speech-language pathologist, also known as a speech pathologist or speech therapist, specializes in diagnosing and treating speech and swallowing conditions. Yet today, it has been one of the most competitive residencies of all-time. Right when her colleagues at Boston Children’s Hospital are leaving at the end of the day, pediatrician Sarah Henry, MD, is just arriving at work. Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otolaryngology, Opthalmology, and Dermatology and Venereology are also relatively easy to secure a residency in, but demand varies depending on the region. One free retake. But amongst medical professionals, EM docs are basically seen as glorified triage nurses. General surgery is only semi competitive because the lifestyle sucks, but it is getting more competitive overall. Family medicine. NimbleNavigator said: Thought it would be interesting to make some rankings as to how I feel medical specialties are perceived by laymen. 2 million email subscribers who receive the . 8% for pediatrics; 36. It’s not easy to get in as an aspiring otolaryngologist must have an average USMLE score of 250. What is the pecking order of doctors? Nov 18, 2020 · For many years, the Crete community and surrounding areas have trusted Saline Medical Specialties to provide the best care possible for everyone, every day Login to Patient Portal (402) 826-3222 Mar 11, 2024 · 91. Vascular Surgery. May 30, 2012 · From what I've seen with medical specialties, it is usually hard to have both lay and professional prestige. 10 (tie) Northwestern University (Feinberg) Chicago, IL. Good for me! Aug 13, 2018 · The three most competitive subspecialties for fellowship applicants were: Pediatric surgery: 92. I would say the all around best doctors in the hospital are surgical critical care. I would say that crazy in-utero fetal surgery is probably pretty up there, too. 2% by DO Grads, and 1. Many now have “spin-off” journals on specific topics relating to medical specialties, with some highlighted in the May 24, 2016 · Out of all the prestigious medical centers in the world, these 10 lead the way: Texas Medical Center: The Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas, is the largest of its kind. Sports medicine and rehabilitation. No I think most specialties should still require general medical education. Cardiologist. derm, ophtho, radiology, anesthesiology. The best medical schools are beefing up their diversity programs and are seeing record numbers of women and minority applicants. Louis. Aug 5, 2016. 1 This is further compounded Mar 9, 2023 · Drawn from more than 51,000 pageviews of the 275 Georgia residency programs, we share the 15 programs that were most viewed by FREIDA™ users looking for details about Georgia residencies. Cocks are prestigious. Global Presence: The Cleveland Clinic has global locations in Canada, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and several other countries, expanding its reach The results affirm that a stable prestige hierarchy exists among medical specialties, with certain ones, such as surgery and cardiology, consistently ranked at the top, and others, such as dermatology and psychiatry, consistently resting at the bottom. Urology for sure. With around 1. What is the most prestigious medical specialty? Neurosurgeon. Physicians who specialize in family medicine treat patients of all ages. Dermatologist – it’s a specialist that diagnoses and treats various skin diseases, from acne to cancer. It is known as the most prestigious medical journals as well as the oldest continuously published one. Further specialization in Family Medicine (4 years). Not only does the TMC have one of the highest volumes of clinical facilities for patient care, basic science and research, but it also has two medical schools, four nursing Jun 15, 2020 · Anesthesiology. While overall match rates are fairly close ( 91. Mar 20, 2016. Hand surgery: 90. This shows that for every 100,000 residents, there are roughly 3. Here are sample extracurricular profiles that would be competitive for a top-20 medical medical school: Profile #1: Medical Scribe: 600 hours. University of Chicago Pritzker Mar 6, 2016 · 4,514. Please rank the following list from Most Prestigious (1) to Least Prestigious (19). S, that could be an added bonus. Mar 15, 2016 · 35,403. Open codebook (manuals) The exam covers topics like medical terminology, anatomy, coding guidelines, payment methodologies, ICD-10 medical codes, and more. 39 The potential reasons for gender-based differences in specialty choice echo gender-based preferences in the wider workforce where stereotypical beliefs about the skills, attributes, and values of men and women subtly shape career Mar 25, 2022 · Forbes latest research shows that dermatologists take fifth place in the list of the most highly paid medical specialties and earn $412,000 per year. Orthopedic Apr 2, 2013 · Med students: depends on the grades/scores it takes to get there. Speech-language pathologist. Yale University. 2%) Behind the numbers: Out of 493 total applicants, 83. View the full list of surgery program rankings at the US News website. You can rub elbows with all the well-to-do's you want, but at the end of the day you are a wage earner. Thoughts: 1) There is insufficient data to say whether going to a top school helps, hurts, or doesn't affect your chances at your choice of residency. William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine. Aug 26, 2010 · And yeah, really, I would say certain subspecialties of surgery are generally considered the most prestigious, or at least the most impressive. Medical students are competing for spots in prestigious specialties that offer excellent growth opportunities. Integrated Plastic Surgery May 31, 2022 · The top medical specialties that have the largest potential in. All other types of fellowship applicants increased in number in 2022. Competitive programs that are the most difficult to match into include: General Surgery. Johns Hopkins University. Demand for some of these physicians is already high. There were 192 open positions in the most recent Match. Ophthalmology. While many medical specialties focus on a certain function of the body or particular organ, family medicine focuses on integrated care and treating the patient as a whole. Other competitive specialties are those with good lifestyle, e. Top-Ranked General Medical Journals According to Journal Citation Reports ’ 2001 and 2014 Impact Factors. #37. 5 million on an annual basis. Sep 12, 2023 · 10. Discover your chances of acceptance to medical school with the MSC Score Calculator. Oct 8, 2021 · 5. Our list has been determined by fill rate, positions offered, number of applicants, and more. of data journalists analyzes millions of hospital visits and admissions to identify the best hospitals in 10 pediatric specialties, 15 adult Feb 9, 2024 · This legacy of excellence in research and healthcare has made Harvard Medical School one of the most prestigious and sought-after medical schools in the world. Of the 295 obstetrics and gynecology residencies listed, here are the 10 programs that rose to the top for user interest. The aim of this paper is to review the literature concerning the existence of prestige hierarchies for medical specialities and diseases. This can range from $260,000 to $400,000 depending on work experience. Nov 17, 2022 · Best med schools in the US - TopUniversities QS Rankings 2021. Aug 5, 2023 · This is the easiest component of Myers-Briggs to grasp, which makes it the most popular. Radiation oncologists most commonly treat lung, breast, head and neck, prostate, cervix and uterus, and colorectal cancers. One of the main reasons for the decrease in foreign medical graduates was the COVID May 31, 2022 · What is the most prestigious medical specialty? Based on our comprehensive analysis, the top most competitive specialties are as follows: Neurosurgery. Journal. According to data from the AMA, the most lucrative careers in medicine are often 4 days ago · As of 2023, the average salary for urologists is $505,745 annually. 7%, from $338,554 in 2019 to $354,457 in 2020. 2. Average hourly cardiologist wage: $170. Family medicine and general practice tend to be considered the least respected medical specialties. This article provides a comprehensive guide to medical specialties available in Germany, ranked from easiest to most competitive to secure a residency. UK - Cardiothoracics, Neurosurgery, Public Health, Opthalmology, Derm, Radiology, General Surgery (or really any surgery for that matter), Cardiology. They deal with medically complex patients and are also surgeons. Mar 11, 2024 · In the following section, we will explore the top 10 most competitive medical fields and specialties, shedding light on the factors that make them highly sought after by medical professionals. Radiologists are doctors who interpret medical images, such as X-rays, CT, MRI, and PET scans, to diagnose and treat illnesses. Choosing a Residency Program. Women's Health. A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects or treatment for diseases, such as melanoma. Five emerging medical specialties you’ve never heard of — until now. 2% for family medicine. The data was analysed using content analysis. The hospitals are ranked based on their performance in certain specialties and procedures. However, if you do find an opportunity to, for instance, combatting health care inequities in the U. This is a good time for medical school applicants. Positions are quite rare as they compete for a salary of $369,790 a year. Amongst the larger specialties (more than 300 positions offered), those that observed the greatest increase in the number of positions offered in the Match in 2023 compared to 2022 include: Neurology — up 10% (772 to 846) Transitional — up 7% (1,616 to 1,736) Anesthesiology — up 7% (1,509 to 1,609) Oct 29, 2020 · The list of the 20 highest paid medical specialties in 2020. 6 percent for DO seniors vs. Conversely, pediatric and primary care specialties are generally on the lowest end of the salary range. Neurosurgery. Aug 1, 2023 · 1 Harvard University. Med/Peds. 9% Jan 15, 2024 · Otolaryngology (MD: 83. Harvard University. If you don't understand biomechanics, then you cannot understand orthopaedics because the musculoskeletal system is literally dependent on forces. US News published a list of the top 31 obstetrics and gynecology programs in total. 10 (tie) University of Pittsburgh. Orthopedic surgeons specialize in treating musculoskeletal conditions, which include issues with bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons. Application Deadline: March 16. child population in 2023 is 73. Full-time tuition: varies by discipline. Unless these docs are superhuman, I have trouble beliving this, but if it is. 2% were filled by DO students. Which specialties are doing the best when it comes to annual compensation? Neurosurgery comes out on top, followed by thoracic Sep 28, 2023 · After surgery, the highest-paid specialties include radiation oncology (averaging $547,026 per year), cardiology ($544,201), urology ($505,745), and radiology ($503,564). 2 Johns Hopkins University. For example, EM Physicians have lots of lay prestige because of dramas like ER and documentaries like Untold Stories of the ER. Average cardiologist salary: $353,970. Jan 26, 2024 · Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) degree (5-6 years). The Charité is one of the most prestigious medical schools in Germany, serving as the medical faculty for both Humboldt University Berlin and Free University Berlin since 2003. UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco. Currently, more than 9,000 students are enrolled in the various study programs, which include human medicine, dentistry, medical and nursing pedagogy/nursing sciences Neurosurgery and thoracic surgery were the highest paying medical specialties in 2019, with average salaries north of $550,000, according to a new physician employment report from Doximity. #33. Otolaryngology. Physical Medicine/Rehab: Average compensation increased 4. The number of medical students who pursue primary care has long been a concern [1], but the prestigious fields when I was a medical student in the ’70s were internal medicine, general surgery, and orthopedics. Brigham And Women’s Hospital, Boston. 15,381. For another unique view of which programs are capturing the attention of your peers, check out our list of the 20 most-viewed residency specialties. Medicine is, at the end of the day, a service industry. View the full list of psychiatry program rankings at the US News website. May 11, 2017 · 9. I don't know as much about ophtho as you might, but in my M3 opinion, a slit lamp exam seems to have the same value as a dental exam: extremely important and can be related to other medical issues, but often very separate from the rest of the body and doesn't require as What is the most prestigious medical specialty? There is no actual metric to rank the most prestigious medical specialization, but according to competition and salaries, here are the most sought specialties: Orthopedic surgery Neurosurgery Cardiothoracic surgery Dermatology Cardiology Urology Feb 1, 2007 · Abstract. 35 doctors in this field. allopathic grads. Infectious Disease Specialists. Royal Brompton Hospital, London. Description: The New England Journal of Medicine is the queen of all general medical journals. The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York. Otolaryngology is the oldest medical specialty in the United States. Invasive Aug 1, 2023 · Named to the 2023-2024 Best Hospitals Honor Roll, the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, is also ranked in the top 50 hospitals in 13 medical specialties and earned the highest high-performing Aug 17, 2022 · The average physician wage in 2023 will be USD 300,618, but some specializations may pay much more than that. Among the specialties experiencing the most growth right now, the report shows vascular surgeons were on top at $534,508, a 4. 6. For example, paediatrics, general surgery and psych are now more competitive than radiology. Teaching Experiences: 2700 hours. Louis, MO. FREIDA™ users have tallied more than 82,000 views of obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Sep 7, 2023 · Doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating eye disorders can earn anywhere from $791,000 to $3. Family Medicine Family medicine is one of the most common medical specialties. 4% of positions were filled by U. May 15, 2023 · New York, NY. 5 Columbia University in the City of New York. Medical specialties are generally categorised according to the following different criteria: Surgical or internal medicine. , According to the blog post, people who do not gain admission to the most prestigious medical schools often have fewer choices for residency programs and are shuffled into Sep 1, 2010 · Ranking medical specialties. 7 percent for MD seniors in 2023), a significantly higher percentage of DO grads go into In general, the surgical specialties are competitive. 6 percent. Top 3 Least Prestigious. Aug 8, 2022 · Below is a breakdown of the top 10 highest paying medical jobs in the United States: 1. Radiology. The Least Respected Medical Specialty: Family Medicine and General Practice. May 15, 2023 · Los Angeles, CA. 8 percent. Mar 23, 2023 · Doximity Physician Compensation salary Physician Satisfaction. These prestigious journals have been publishing clinical research and practice articles for decades—or even centuries. The findings suggest that medical specialties carry different social status. University of California – Los Angeles. Urology. Stanford Health Care – Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California. Dermatology. This specialty largely deals with general, regional and sedation anesthesia for patients undergoing procedures. This perception is primarily due to several factors: 1. AAMCNews. Radiation Oncology. High Admission Standards and Low Acceptance Rates. Cardiology. ya ad pp vh cw uy yk mk uo zp